Glossary entry (derived from question below)
English term or phrase:
churning
Japanese translation:
攪拌、チャーニング
Sep 19, 2008 00:42
15 yrs ago
English term
churning
GBK
English to Japanese
Tech/Engineering
Food & Drink
Definition from
US Environmental Protection Agency:
The process of stirring and agitating cream in the process of making butter. Churning causes the fat globules in cream to clump together and separate from the liquid.
Example sentences:
Churning physically agitates the cream until it ruptures the fragile membranes surrounding the milk fat. Once broken, the fat droplets can join with each other and form clumps of fat, or butter grains. (Wikipedia)
As you turn the handle or however you do your churning, the cream goes through stages on its way to becoming butter. (Making butter)
Another side benefit of churning your own cultured butter is that you will end up with fresh real buttermilk. (Handmade Organic Cultured Butter)
Change log
Sep 22, 2008 00:54: changed "Stage" from "Submission" to "Completion"
Proposed translations
+3
3 hrs
Selected
攪拌、チャーニング
攪拌とはチャーニングよりずっと一般的な言葉でほかにも用途はいくらもあります。ですが、食品に限って、そして日本文化のなかでは、豆腐作りのなかの、ゆでた大豆をにがりとまぜる、攪拌の光景がいちばんそれに近いでしょう。
チャーニングとは欧米文化のなかでは（伝統的には）必ずといっていいほど、ミルクからバターつくりに伴う作業をいい、昔の物語の映画では、田園風景のなかでの家庭生活の一部として、この作業がよく描かれています。
女性がアルミなどのミルク入れなどを棒でついたり、かきまわしている光景です。
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Note added at 1 day11 hrs (2008-09-20 12:26:51 GMT)
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The act of "churning" involves "agitating", "shaking", and after the milk was solidified and the milkbutter (a result of agitating, shaking milk) is formed and drained, the remaining butter is taken out, it is "kneaded" (according to Wikipedia's churning-butter page). So there is no exact parallel in Japan for "churning". I believe both "kakuhan" is closest to connote all these different actions, and "Tofu" making is one of the closest in terms of comparative cultural explanation.
Of course single word such as "kakuhan" always leaves something to argue, given all the actions involved.
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Note added at 1 day11 hrs (2008-09-20 12:36:58 GMT)
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This note was added after scallion-san's comment.
But just as tofu-making involves many different process and actions (like many food processing), focusing in on one action such as "utsu" is off the mark.
As us translators all know, exact translation is seldom achieved.
I strongly believe "kakuhan" is one of the most inclusive parallel to "churning" as it involves many different actions.
チャーニングとは欧米文化のなかでは（伝統的には）必ずといっていいほど、ミルクからバターつくりに伴う作業をいい、昔の物語の映画では、田園風景のなかでの家庭生活の一部として、この作業がよく描かれています。
女性がアルミなどのミルク入れなどを棒でついたり、かきまわしている光景です。
--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 1 day11 hrs (2008-09-20 12:26:51 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------
The act of "churning" involves "agitating", "shaking", and after the milk was solidified and the milkbutter (a result of agitating, shaking milk) is formed and drained, the remaining butter is taken out, it is "kneaded" (according to Wikipedia's churning-butter page). So there is no exact parallel in Japan for "churning". I believe both "kakuhan" is closest to connote all these different actions, and "Tofu" making is one of the closest in terms of comparative cultural explanation.
Of course single word such as "kakuhan" always leaves something to argue, given all the actions involved.
--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 1 day11 hrs (2008-09-20 12:36:58 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------
This note was added after scallion-san's comment.
But just as tofu-making involves many different process and actions (like many food processing), focusing in on one action such as "utsu" is off the mark.
As us translators all know, exact translation is seldom achieved.
I strongly believe "kakuhan" is one of the most inclusive parallel to "churning" as it involves many different actions.
Definition from
Thinky 用語説明:
攪拌とは簡単に言うと「物を混ぜる」行為です。<br />「本来混ざりにくいものを混ぜる」ことを指します。<br /><br />高度な攪拌には、分散がつきものです。細かく散らばっている粒子を、どこまで小さく細かくできるかという分散度が鍵となります。<br /><br />攪拌技術は、医薬品・化粧品・化学工業用品・食品など、私たちの身の周りのあらゆる分野で利用されています。<br /><br />攪拌（かくはん）とは<br />《「こうはん（攪拌）」の慣用読み》かき回すこと。かきまぜること。<br />「卵白を攪拌する」「攪拌機」（大辞林による）
Example sentences:
豆腐を手作りしたいと思いますが大豆を攪拌する作業は、ミキサーがないのでフードプロセッサーで代用しても大丈夫でしょうか 水も入れて攪拌するのには向かないでしょうか (Yahoo Japan 知恵袋)
チャーニングとは、一種の攪拌操作で、チャーンと呼ぶ樽のような容器を回転させてクリームをかき回し、脂肪球を破壊して凝集させ、バター粒を形成させることです。 __この操作でバター粒が出来てきます。 __バターが分かれた残りをバターミルクといい、これを排除し、バター粒を水洗した後、必要に応じて食塩や色素（天然色素のアンナットーかβカロチン）を加えて練り合わせます。 __この操作を練圧（ワーキング）といい、これによって均質な組織となります。 (ミルクの館<バター＞)
Note from asker:
| Ja bym chyba dała satisfaction (zadośćuczynienie) i compensation (odszkodowanie) |
| No może po prostu compensation. satisfaction chyba jednak nie, on chce po prostu zasądzenia zapłaty kosztów i kilkukrotnie większej kwoty za szkody psychiczne i tym podobne. A to takie zamykające zdanie uzasadnienia tylko. Chyba jest to Small Claims Court bo kwota dokładnie graniczna ii sam się reprezentuje... |
| W glosariuszu jest kilka tłumaczeń zadośćuczynienia, takich jak relief, redress i remedy. W USA "kilkukrotnie większa kwota za szkody psychiczne i tym podobne" nazywa się a punitive damages award lub an award for pain and suffering. Razem to byłoby an award of compensatory and punitive damages. ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc <b>Punitive damages</b> are often awarded if <b>compensatory damages</b> are deemed an inadequate remedy. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punitive_damages |
| Ja może nie wyjaśniłam dokładnie, mi się nie wydaje że powodowi nie chodzi o punitive damages (które są praktycznie niespotykane na wyspie) ale o to co się określa jako compensatory damages, pecuniary (polskie odszkodowanie) i non-pecuniary (polskie zadośćuczynienie). "Also known as substantial damages. Damages awarded in respect of the actual losses suffered by the claimant. Their purpose is to compensate the claimant for pecuniary and non-pecuniary losses. Pecuniary losses generally include the gains prevented by the breach of contract or tort, expenses caused by the breach of contract or tort and expenses rendered futile by the breach of contract or tort. Non-pecuniary losses generally include pain and suffering and loss of amenity and mental distress." Ja mam: (relatively small) expenses caused by the breach of contract plus vividly described pain and suffering and loss of amenity and mental distress galore. Chyba jednak uwzględnię to rozróżnienie na wszelki wypadek chociaż wydaje się że niekoniecznie trzeba bo termin ''compensatory damages'' w angielskim systemie zawiera w sobie oba wątki. |
| Dobrze, że się znasz na angielskim prawie. |
| Eh, znam się nieco na szkockim systemie, mało na prawie jako takim, a jeszcze mniej na angielskim. Za to znam się trochę lepiej na riserczu ;) |
| REDRESS. The act of receiving satisfaction for an injury sustained (zadośćuczynienie) |
| The law recognizes three major categories of damages: <b>Compensatory Damages</b>, which are intended to restore what a plaintiff has lost as a result of a defendant's wrongful conduct; nominal damages, which consist of a small sum awarded to a plaintiff who has suffered no substantial loss or injury but has nevertheless experienced an invasion of rights; and punitive damages, which are awarded not to compensate a plaintiff for injury suffered but to penalize a defendant for particularly egregious, wrongful conduct. In specific situations, two other forms of damages may be awarded: treble and liquidated. |
4 KudoZ points awarded for this answer.
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